Multi-stage metallogeny in the southwestern part of South China,and paleotectonic and climatic implications: A high precision geochronologic study

The South China Block (SCB) is among the large-scale W-Sn mineralized regions of the globe. The Laojunshan W-Sn-dominant ore area (LOA) in the western part of the SCB preserves the records of the tectonic history of the Tethys realm extending through North Vietnam, and Yangtze to Cathaysia blocks, with coeval formation of giant metallic deposits. The prolonged tectonic activities and their control on the genesis and spatio-temporal distribution of giant metallic deposits in the LOA provide a window for a holistic understanding of the tectono-metallogenesis of the SCB. In this study, we present results from a multi-chronologic study to determine the timing of formation of the cassiterite-wolframite-scheelite mineralization. The results suggest three distinct tectono-metallogenic periods in the LOA during the geodynamic evolution of the surrounding tectonic units. The opening of the Proto-Tethys Ocean between the Yangtze-Indochina blocks and the westward Paleo-Pacific subduction beneath the Cathaysia block (420–380 Ma) jointly contributed to the Silurian to early Devonian intracontinental orogeny in the middle of the SCB that involved top-to-the-north thrusting along NE-striking shear zones. This event generated the Dulong-Song Chay granitoids, together with the formation of Xinzhai Sn deposit related to sheared mylonitic granites (ca. 419 Ma) and pegmatites (ca. 389 Ma), which include the early-stage Sn-sulfide skarn (ca. 418 Ma) and the late-stage Sn-bearing schist (ca. 389 Ma). During the Late Permian to Late Triassic (260–220 Ma), with the closure of the Proto-Tethys oceans in the west and ongoing Paleo-Pacific westward subduction in the east, the SCB and Indochina Block (IB) were amalgamated which also marks the time of formation of the Nanwenhe scheelite skarn deposit. The subducted Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust was likely entrained by the nearby rising Emeishan mantle plume (270–259 Ma), which formed the Maguan diabase (ca. 260 Ma) that shows significantly older Re-Os model age of ca. 268 Ma, suggesting that the Nanwenhe mineralization is potentially derived from ca. 260 Ma source. Furthermore, the intraplate shortening induced thin skinned crustal deformation and low grade metamorphism (ca. 230 Ma), with the main stage of scheelite-Sn-Mo mineralization (229.9, 229.8 and 219 Ma) and contemporary formation of the pegmatite (230.7 Ma). The Late Cretaceous involved two episodes of alternate extension and shortening, driven by the subduction polarity change from northwestward subduction of the Okhotomorsk block to northward subduction of the NeoTethys seafloor. The evolution of the LOA consists of the NW–SE transpression ending ca. 100 Ma, the WNW–ESE extension in the earlier episode lasting from 100 Ma to 86 Ma, the WNW–ESE transpression beginning at ca. 85 Ma and the NS extension in the later episode during the latest Cretaceous, which produced the extension-related three periods of Laojunshan granitic magmatism and coeval Sn-W mineralization, with ages in the range of 90–89 Ma, 87–85 Ma and 83–79 Ma. We also evaluate the implications of magmatic-metamorphic-metallogenic degassing on the regional paleoclimatic history.     

Multicomponent magnetization in western Dolpo (Tethyan Himalaya, Nepal): tectonic implications

A palaeomagnetic study has been carried out in the Tethyan Himalaya (TH; the northern margin of Greater India). Twenty-six palaeomagnetic sites have been sampled in Triassic low-grade metasediments of western Dolpo. Two remanent components have been identified. A pyrrhotite component, characterized by unblocking temperatures of 270–335 °C, yields an in situ mean direction of D=191.7°, I=−30.9° (k=29.5, α₉₅=5.7°, N=23 sites). The component fails the fold test at the 99% confidence level (k_{in situ}/k_bed=6.9) and is therefore of postfolding origin. For reason of the low metamorphic grade, this pyrrhotite magnetization is believed to be of thermo-chemical origin. Geochronological data and inclination matching indicate an acquisition age around 35 Ma. The second remanence component has higher unblocking temperatures (>400 °C and up to 500–580 °C range) and resides in magnetite. A positive fold test and comparison with expected Triassic palaeomagnetic directions suggest a primary origin.The postfolding character of the pyrrhotite component, and its interpreted age of remanence acquisition, implies that the main Himalayan folding is older than 35 Ma in the western Dolpo area. This study also suggests that the second metamorphic event (Neo-Himalayan) was more significant in the Dolpo area than the first (Eo-Himalayan) one.A clockwise rotation of 10–15° is inferred from the pyrrhotite component, which is compatible with oroclinal bending and/or rotational underthrusting models. This rotation is also supported by the magnetite component, indicating that no rotation of the Tethyan Himalaya relative to India took place before 35 Ma.     

藏南特提斯喜马拉雅带中段二叠纪-白垩纪的火山活动(Ⅰ):分布特点及其意义

在野外实地考察和追索的基础上，详细厘定了特提斯喜马拉雅带中段晚古生代以来火山岩的分布特点和迁移规律。结果表明，在特提斯喜马拉雅带中段晚古生代以来的地层系统中，从二叠纪→三叠纪→侏罗纪→白垩纪，共有11个层位含规模不等的火山岩，它们以透镜体、薄夹层或以块状玄武岩、玄武质安山岩等形式产出于不同地层系统中；从二叠纪→早中三叠世→晚三叠世→侏罗纪和白垩纪，具有由西向东、从南→北→南→北的迁移规律。这些火山活动的发现和厘定，对填补特提斯喜马拉雅带火山岩研究的空白，了解陆下岩石圈地幔和软流圈地幔之间的相互作用和新特提斯洋盆的形成演化都具有一定的指示意义。     

Magma generation and crustal accretion as evidenced by supra-subduction ophiolites of the Albanide–Hellenide Subpelagonian zone

Abstract Ophiolites of the Mirdita–Subpelagonian zone form a nearly continuous belt in the Albanide–Hellenide orogen, including mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) associations in the western Mirdita sector and supra‐subduction zone (SSZ) complexes, with prevalent island arc tholeiitic (IAT) and minor boninitic affinities in the eastern part of the belt (i.e. eastern Mirdita, Pindos, Vourinos). In addition, basalts with geochemical features intermediate between MORB and IAT (MORB/IAT) are found in the central Mirdita and in the Aspropotamos sequence (Pindos). These basalts alternate with pure MORB and are cut by boninitic dykes. The distinctive compositional characteristics of the mafic magmas parental to the different ophiolitic suites can be accounted for by partial melting of mantle sources progressively depleted by melt extractions. Partial melting processes (10–20%) of lherzolitic sources generated pure MORB, leaving clinopyroxene‐poor lherzolite as a residuum. Approximately 10% water‐assisted partial melting of this latter source, in an SSZ setting, may in turn generate basalts with MORB/IAT intermediate characteristics, whereas IAT basalts and boninites may have been derived from 10–20% and 30% partial melting, respectively, of the same source variably enriched by subduction‐derived fluids. In addition, boninites may also have been derived by comparatively lower degrees of hydrated partial melting of more refractory harzburgitic sources. A generalized petrologic model based on mass balance calculations between bulk rock and mineral compositions, indicate that most of the intrusives (from ultramafic cumulates to gabbronorites and plagiogranites), as well as sheeted dykes and volcanics (from basalts to rhyodacites) forming the bulk crustal section of the SSZ ophiolites, may be accounted for by shallow fractional crystallization from low‐Ti picritic parental magmas very similar in composition to IAT picrites from Pacific intraoceanic arcs. The most appropriate tectono‐magmatic model for the generation of the SSZ Tethyan ophiolites implies low velocity plate‐convergence of the intraoceanic subduction and generation of a nascent arc with IAT affinity and progressive slab roll‐back, mantle diapirism and extension from the arc axis to the forearc region, with generation of MORB/IAT intermediate basalts and boninitic magmas.     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带西段特提斯洋晚二叠世(Ca.252Ma)洋内俯冲的地球化学和年代学证据

多龙蛇绿混杂岩是班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分,位于西藏阿里地区改则县北西约120 km的多龙矿集区内,大地构造位置处于班公湖-怒江缝合带中西段,南羌塘板块南缘。多龙蛇绿混杂岩主要分布在多龙矿区中部及东北部。矿区中部蛇绿岩主要由辉长岩、辉绿(玢)岩、枕状玄武岩、气孔杏仁状玄武岩、玄武质岩屑凝灰岩及硅质岩等组成,东西向延伸约35 km,南北宽3~7 km,出露面积约180 km2;该蛇绿岩残片的组成单元(包括基性岩单元以及硅质岩单元等)多被构造肢解,整体表现为不规则透镜体,以构造岩片的形式断续分布于侏罗系次深海陆棚-盆地斜坡复陆碎屑岩-类复理石建造内的断层带中,构成典型的网结状构造。矿区东北部蛇绿岩主要由含铁斜方辉石橄榄蛇纹岩、玻基玄武岩、碳酸盐化角闪辉长岩、微纹层状硅质岩等组成,该蛇绿混杂岩带沿北西-南东向断裂展布,延伸约12 km,宽1~3 km,出露面积约30 km2;该蛇绿岩残片组成单元(包括超基性岩单元、基性岩单元以及硅质岩单元等)均呈构造岩片的形式产出在三叠系灰岩地层内的断层带中。     

祁连山及邻区第四纪地层区划与沉积序列

在前人资料和野外勘查的基础上对祁连山及邻区贵德盆地、循化—化隆盆地、同仁盆地、西宁盆地、门源盆地、临夏盆地、兰州盆地、定西盆地、天水盆地、肃北盆地、酒泉盆地、玉门盆地、张掖盆地、武威盆地、哈拉湖盆地、苏里盆地、木里盆地、民和盆地、共和盆地、青海湖盆地及柴达木等20余个盆地的第四纪地层进行了研究。以祁连山第四纪构造地貌演化、盆地沉积序列、古生物及古气候特征为地层分区依据,对祁连山及邻区第四纪地层进行了地层分区,并对部分地层名称做了厘定或统一。祁连山及邻区第四纪沉积特征总体为东部(主要为陇中地区)黄土分布广泛,堆积了世界上最厚的黄土地层;北部(河西走廊地区)冲洪积扇堆积及风沙发育;南部(柴北盆地)以冲洪积-湖积为主,晚更新世以来发育风成沙及黄土;共和盆地由湖泊转向冲积扇和风沙沉积;青海湖盆延续至今;中西部高山及山间盆地冰碛、冰水堆积以及河流阶地堆积发育。根据上述特征及划分原则,将祁连山及邻区第四纪地层区划分为:兰州—西宁地层区,贵德地层区,酒泉—张掖地层区,柴北地层区,共和地层区,青海湖地层区及肃北—门源地层区。     

藏南特提斯喜马拉雅带内江孜-康马地区白垩纪多期基性岩浆作用

在特提斯喜马拉雅带东部江孜-康马一带发育大量近东西向展布的辉绿岩体/墙,研究表明这些基性岩至少可分为三期:(1)形成于~140Ma的辉绿岩具有OIB型地球化学特征,部分样品Sr-Nd同位素组成与其东部~132Ma错美-班布里大火成岩省中基性岩相当,部分高镁样品具有Nb-Ta负异常和Pb正异常,εNd(t)值小于0;(2)形成于~120Ma的辉绿岩显示N-MORB型地球化学特征;(3)形成于~90Ma的辉绿岩显示E-MORB型地球化学特征。后两期基性岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成均显示与印度洋MORB相关。结合同时期的Kerguelen地幔柱活动轨迹及东冈瓦纳大陆裂解事件,本文认为江孜-康马地区~140Ma基性岩代表Kerguelen地幔柱及其与上覆东冈瓦纳大陆岩石圈地幔相互作用产物,是Kerguelen地幔柱长期潜伏于东冈瓦纳大陆下的证据,在前人研究基础上将该地幔柱影响的范围从错美向西拓展了约200km;之后随着东冈瓦纳大陆裂解和印度洋的开启及扩张,印度板块逐渐北移并远离Kerguelen地幔柱,江孜-康马地区~120Ma和~90Ma两期基性岩代表新生印度洋软流圈部分熔融的产物,与Kerguelen地幔柱无关。该区识别出的三期基性岩浆活动表明:特提斯喜马拉雅带的东部在白垩纪经历了与东冈瓦纳大陆裂解、印度洋的开启和扩张相关的多期基性岩浆活动。这些基性岩为深入了解和限定特提斯喜马拉雅带自140Ma以来的古地理位置和构造演化过程提供了新的岩石记录和时间坐标。     

锆石Hf和全岩Nd同位素填图研究进展:以三江特提斯造山带为例

近年来,区域性的Nd-Hf同位素填图正成为探索岩石圈结构和演化,制约陆块边界位置和壳-幔相互作用以及它们与金属成矿作用耦合关系的重要研究方法。目前的研究主要集中于中国的拉萨地体以及澳大利亚太古宙尤冈克拉通,包括地体地壳性质与空间变化规律、成矿系统约束和区域找矿潜力等方面。本文以三江特提斯造山带为例,使用克里格插值法在MAPGIS平台完成同位素等值线图,基此解析三江地区岩石圈结构以及大规模成矿作用。Nd-Hf同位素填图支持昌宁-孟连缝合带为冈瓦纳和泛华夏古陆的分界。昌宁-孟连缝合带划分了两个εNd(t)同位素明显不同的异常区,缝合带以西表现为古老地壳基地组成,而缝合带以东部表现为较年轻的地体。三江特提斯造山带中不同类型与岩浆岩有关的发矿床大多汇聚在同位素边界处,这些同位素边界可能代表着地体边界或缝合带、岩浆弧。沿金沙江-哀牢山缝合带分布的斑岩型或斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-(Mo)矿床,具有高εHf(t)正值和较高εNd(t)负值的特征,对应始新世钾质斑岩及有关的矿化。在腾冲-保山地块、义敦岛弧和临沧次地块,具有低εHf(t),低εNd(t)值岩浆岩分布特征,主要形成与过铝质花岗岩型有关的锡-钨矿床。因此,我们认为区域尺度的同位素填图对研究岩石圈结构和演化、解剖壳-幔相互作用机理、解析深部动力学机制和成矿机制、总结区域成矿规律和指导区域成矿潜力具有重要意义。     

Metallogeny of the Baiyangping Lead‐Zinc Polymetallic Ore Concentration Area,Northern Lanping Basin of Yunnan Province,China

The Lanping Basin in the Nujiang‐Lancangjiang‐Jinshajiang (the Sanjiang) area of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is an important part of eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. This basin hosts a number of large unique sediment‐hosted Pb‐Zn polymetallic deposits or ore districts, such as the Baiyangping ore concentration area which is one of the representative ore district. The Baiyangping ore concentration area can be divided into the east and west ore belts, which were formed in a folded tectogene of the India‐Asia continental collisional setting and was controlled by a large reverse fault. Field observations reveal that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary strata were outcropped in the mining area, and that the orebodies are obviously controlled by faults and hosted in sandstone and carbonate rocks. However, the ore‐forming elements in the east ore belt are mainly Pb‐Zn‐Sr‐Ag, while Pb‐Zn‐Ag‐Cu‐Co elements are dominant in the west ore belt. Comparative analysis of the C‐O‐Sr‐S‐Pb isotopic compositions suggest that both ore belts had a homogeneous carbon source, and the carbon in hydrothermal calcite is derived from the dissolution of carbonate rock strata; the ore‐forming fluids were originated from formation water and precipitate water, which belonged to basin brine fluid system; sulfur was from organic thermal chemical sulfate reduction and biological sulfate reduction; the metal mineralization material was from sedimentary strata and basement, but the difference of the material source of the basement and the strata and the superimposed mineralization of the west ore belt resulted in the difference of metallogenic elements between the eastern and western metallogenic belts. The Pb‐Zn mineralization age of both ore belts was contemporary and formed in the same metallogenetic event. Both thrust formed at the same time and occurred at the Early Oligocene, which is consistent with the age constrained by field geological relationship.     

新疆哈密地区早泥盆世珊瑚动物群及其地质意义

新疆哈密地区下泥盆统发育,南部图拉尔根地区下泥盆统为大南湖组,北部三道白杨沟地区为卓木巴斯套组。在大南湖组中共发现四射珊瑚2属5种,床板珊瑚7属12种,并建立四射珊瑚组合Syringaxon moriense和床板珊瑚组合Pseudofavosites giganteus;在卓木巴斯套组共发现四射珊瑚5属7种,床板珊瑚2属2种,并建立四射珊瑚组合Orthopaterophyllum junggarense和床板珊瑚组合Pachyfavosites junggarensis。通过珊瑚在地层中的分布及组合的时代对比,确定前者的时代为早泥盆世埃姆斯期早期,后者的时代为埃姆斯期中晚期。通过与国内外典型的早泥盆世埃姆斯期珊瑚动物群的对比,认为哈密地区的珊瑚动物具有典型的早泥盆世温带动物群特征,在生物古地理区系上属于北方大区准噶尔-兴安省。